This measure proposes that physical anxiety fear symptomatology and mental stress nervous tension and nervous energy factorout as two distinct domains. The dass21 has 21 items if you are under time pressure. Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety and stress scale 21 in older primary care patients. Depression anxiety stress scales dass unsw psychology. Depression anxiety and stress scale dass 42 healthfocus. Request pdf on jun 1, 2010, luke parkitny and others published the depression anxiety stress scale dass find, read and cite all the research you need. Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety and. The dass is a 42item self report instrument for measuring depression, anxiety and tensionstress. To 1 evaluate the psychometric properties and 2 examine the ability to detect cases with anxiety disorder and depression in a population of employees. Dass depression and anxiety stress scale scoring s stress q1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 18 a anxiety q2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20 d depression q3, 5, 10, 16, 17, 21 1.
The principal value of the dass in a clinical setting is to clarify the locus of emotional disturbance, as part of the broader task of clinical assessment. The depression, anxiety and stress scale 21 items dass21 is a set of three selfreport scales designed to measure the emotional states of depression, anxiety. Jan 03, 2018 the depression, anxiety and stress scale dass21 pdf is a standardised assessment tool for depression, anxiety and stress symptoms that can help you develop a treatment plan and assess symptom severity or treatment progress. Add up each row and nter the score into the available box d, a or s add up the each of th d, a and s columns. The anxiety scale assesses autonomic arousal, skeletal muscle effects, situational anxiety, and. The depression anxiety stress scales dass 23 would seem to be a promising instrument for use in occupational health care. The hama was one of the first rating scales developed to measure the severity of anxiety symptoms, and is still widely used today in both clinical and research settings. The purpose of this study is to examine validity and reliability of the albanian version of the depression, anxiety and stress scale dass, which is developed by lovibond and lovibond 1995. The use of either test is sufficient in the screening process i. These tools can be used to screen for symptoms, assess the severity of symptoms, and monitor treatment progress. Main purposeto assess the severity of symptoms of anxiety.
The depression scale assesses dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, selfdeprecation, lack of interest involvement, anhedonia and inertia. Each of the three scales contains 14 items, divided into subscales of 25 items with similar content. The sample of the study consisted of 590 university students, 121 english. The scoring scale is at the end of the questionnaire. The total for each col n is the score for that trait. Stress triggers physiological responses encompassing changes in the ner. Depression, anxiety, and stress among finalyear medical students. Add up the number in the first column of the office use only. Dass, the depression anxiety stress scales, is made up of 42 selfreport items to be completed over five to ten minutes, each reflecting a negative emotional symptom. A guide to the depression, anxiety and stress scale dass 21 by fernando gomez consultant clinical psychologist introduction the dass 21 is a 21 item self report questionnaire designed to measure the severity of a range of. Depression anxiety stress scale rehabmeasures database. Compliance validation points of dass were respectively found between. Hospital anxiety and depression scale hads tick the box beside the reply that is closest to how you have been feeling in the past week.
A research conducted in malaysia showed that the prevalence of moderate to extremely severe level of depression, anxiety and stress among undergraduate students w ranging from. This dass 21 depression anxiety stress scale test evaluates the severity of mental disorder symptoms associated to the three and provides a mild, moderate or severe result. The scale for assessing academic stress sinha, sharma and mahendra, 2001. This paper presents the turkish version of the depression anxiety stress scale21 dass21 in health control and clinical samples, examined its psychometric properties. These consist of the first two items of the patient health questionnaire9 phq9, a 9item depression scale, and the generalized anxiety disorder7. Anxiety and depression checklist k10 test beyond blue. Using a random sampling technique, 60 students consist of boys and girls were selected as students having academic stress. The depression anxiety and stress scales dass, 5 is a widely used screening tool to assess symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in community settings.
Dass21 response form short version of the scales dass scoring template best printed onto a. The higher your score, the more likely you are to be experiencing depression andor anxiety. The dass is a 42item self report instrument designed to measure the three related negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and. However, the scales may not be modified or sold for profit. It has 3 subscales depression, anxiety, and stress with 14 items in each subscale for the dass 42. The university of new south wales in australia developed a questionnaire to.
The dass questionnaire is in the public domain, and may be downloaded from this website. Depression, anxiety and stress scale dass the depression, anxiety and stress scale were applied in order to reveal the psychological status of the individuals. The university of new south wales in australia developed a questionnaire to measure all three of them using one questionnaire, known as dass. The dass questionnaire forms may be downloaded and copied without restriction.
Depression, anxiety and stress among undergraduate. The depression, anxiety and stress test is an online questionnaire designed to measure the three related negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress, and is a helpful tool in assisting health practitioners with clinical assessments. Validation of the depression anxiety stress scales. This suggests that, although the items may load similarly on the depression, anxiety and stress constructs, these constructs may be differentially interrelated across groups.
Depression anxiety stress scale42 dass42 was used for concurrent validity. In effect the test is a depression test, anxiety test, and. The depression scale assesses dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, selfdeprecation, lack of interestinvolvement, anhedonia, and inertia. The dass 21 is a self report evaluation scale aimed at revealing the severity of symptoms that the patient suffers from and which can be associated with depression or anxiety or. Department of pharmacology, faculty of pharmacy, pakistan. Its popularity is partly attributable to the fact uk. This study investigated the validity and reliability of the turkish version of the depression anxiety stress scale dass. The dass is a client selfreporting tool designed to measure the severity of the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress. It was originally developed to provide a selfreport measure of anxiety and depression that covers the full range of core symptoms of both affective states while providing maximum discrimination between the two scales. Anxiety and depression checklist k10 this simple checklist aims to measure whether you may have been affected by depression and anxiety during the past four weeks.
Depression, anxiety and stress scale dass 21 at ease. An overview of the depression anxiety stress scale dass. Mar 16, 2019 the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of depression, stress, and anxiety among final year medical students. Each of these is rated on a fourpoint likert scale of frequency or severity of the participants experiences over the last week with the intention of emphasising states over traits. Lovibond and lovibond 1995a developed a single measure to assess the core symptoms of depression and anxiety while maximizing discriminant validity between these constructs. D depressio a anxiety s stress use the ratings table elow to assess the meaning of each score. Department of psychology, university of karachi, pakistan. Depression, anxiety, and stress are all negative feelings. The depression anxiety stress scale dass request pdf.
Hamilton depression r s hamd assessment psychology. The depression anxiety stress scale dass 3 has been shown to be a valid and reliable measure of the dimensions of depression, anxiety, and stress separately but also taps into a more general dimension of psychological distress 314. The depression scale assesses dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life. Pdf a guide to the depression, anxiety and stress scale. The following depression and anxiety scales are available without charge, and have been translated into several languages. Brief screeners of depression and anxiety phq2 and gad2, two screeners that are often used in research settings, were used 18 20. Depression anxiety stress scale an overview sciencedirect. Pcptsd is a fouritem screen designed for use in primary care and other medical settings to screen for posttraumatic stress disorder.
Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety and stress scale21 in older primary care patients. The dass is a 42 item selfreport inventory that yields 3 factors. The short version of the depression anxiety stress scales. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of depression, stress, and anxiety among final year medical students. The scale consists of 14 items, each defined by a series of symptoms, and measures both psychic anxiety mental agitation and psychological distress and somatic anxiety physical complaints related to anxiety. Statement did not apply to me at all applied to me to some degree or some of the time applied to me a considerable degree or a good part of the time applied to me very. The depression anxiety stress scale dass is a 42item selfreport measure of anxiety, depression and stress developed by lovibond and lovibond 1995 which is increasingly used in diverse settings. Construct validity and concurrent validity were conducted in validity studies. Gad7 generalized anxiety disorder is a 7question screening tool that identifies whether a complete assessment for anxiety is indicated.
As it is shown in the original form, the scale is occurred by three factors. The scale, developed by lovibond and lovibond 1995 and proposed by australian psychological. The anxiety scale assesses autonomic arousal, skeletal muscle effects, situational anxiety, and subjective experience of anxious affect. Depression, anxiety, and stress among finalyear medical. Depression anxiety and stress scale dass the dass is a 42item questionnaire which includes three selfreport scales designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. The depression anxiety stress scales dass is a valid and reliable tool used to assess for the presence of depression, anxiety, or stress symptoms what. Pdf using the depression anxiety stress scale 21 dass. The dass42 is a 42 item selfreport scale designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. Depression, anxiety and stress scale dass21 for each statement below, please circle the number in the column that best represents how you have been feeling in the last week. Hamilton depression rating scale hamd to be administered by a health care professional 11. The instrument utilized in this study was depression, anxiety, and stress scale dass21.
Original research article effects of nadi shodhana. The analysis also found that the mobile apps were only effective in. The depression, anxiety and stress scale dass21 as a screener. The present study was conducted to assess the psychometric characteristics of the 21item version of the depression, anxiety, and stress scales dass21 among different racial groups. Each of the three dass21 scales contains 7 items, divided into subscales with similar content. Anxiety somatic gastrointestinal, indigestion cardiovascular, palpitation, headaches respiratory, genitourinary, etc. This paper investigates the relationship of academic stress with aggression, depression and academic performance of college students. It includes seven 7 questions for each and the scores are calculated by adding up the scores for each item in the section. Below the form there are instructions on how to interpret the result as well as in which axis each of the questions belongs too.
The dass is a 42item self report instrument designed to measure the three related negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and tensionstress. The rcts that looked at smartphone apps lasted from 4 to 24 weeks, and depressive symptoms were measured using a variety of welldocumented tools, include the depression anxiety stress scale, the patient health questionnaire phq9, and the beck depression inventory ii scale. Research article open access validation of the depression. Keywords physical activity mindfulness meditation heart rate variability biofeedback stress anxiety introduction psychological stress, particularly persistent psychological stress, can negatively affect ones health.
Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety and stress. The dass assesses negative emotional symptoms by using a 4point likert scale, ranging from 0 to 3. Narrative summary of findings heres an example of how you might document the above findings. A guide to the depression, anxiety and stress scale dass 21.
Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety stress scale 42 dass. O did not apply to me at all 1 applied to me to some degree, r some of the time 2 applied to me to a considerable egree, or a good part of time. Record circled number on the line provided in the office use only columns next to the responses. The scale to which each item belongs is indicated by the letters d depression, a anxiety and s. D pression anxiety stress as bass the dass is a 42item self ort instrument designed to measure the three related negative emotional states of depressio, anxiety and tensionstress. Depression, anxiety and stress among undergraduate students. The test uses a three scale rating system to measure the severity of a range of symptoms related to depression, anxiety and stress.
The depression, anxiety and stress scale dass21 pdf is a standardised assessment tool for depression, anxiety and stress symptoms that can help you develop a treatment plan and assess symptom severity or treatment progress. Using an empirically driven iterative process, they identified a third factor, which they labeled stress. The aim of this study was to validate the 21item depression anxiety and stress scale dass21 for use in screening for these common mental. The dass questionnaire is p blic domain, and so permission is not needed to use it.
Thus the following cutoff scores have been developed for defining mildmoderatesevere extremely severe scores for each dass scale. Comorbid anxiety and depression w high, with about 87% of those having dere epression also suffering from anxiety disorder 6. Nadi shodhana pranayama, cabg introduction coronary artery bypass grafting cabg is a type of surgery that improves blood flow to the heart. This observational study was conducted in public and private medical colleges in february 2019. The depression, anxiety and stress scale dass21 as a screener for. The depression anxiety and stress scale, or dass21, is a 21 question assessment that was developed to measure the degree of depression, anxiety and stress in an individual. Theoretically, this instrument corresponds with the tripartite model of anxiety and depression. The depression, anxiety and stress scale 21 items dass21 is a set of three selfreport scales designed to measure the emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. Physical activity, mindfulness meditation, or heart rate. Also, this scale is used in determining the level of negative emotional states.
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